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    "en": "Shrimp disease (bacterial) - Acute Hepatic"
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      "Early mortality syndrome (EMS)",
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      "Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir)"
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    "en": "Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species. AHPND-associated mortalities occur early in the production cycle, usually within 30 to 35 days of stocking, and because of this AHPND was initially referred to as early mortality syndrome (OIE, 2019). <br /> <p>OIE, 2019. <a href=\"https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahc/current/chapitre_ahpnd.pdf\">Aquatic Animal Health Code: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Chapter 9.1. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)</a>. Accessed 10 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a bacterial disease that has caused mass mortalities in farmed populations of whiteleg shrimp and giant tiger prawn. The causative agent is virulent strains of Vibrio parahemolyticus and four other Vibrio species (V. harvey, V. campbellii, V. owendii, V. punensis). AHPND was listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as a notifiable disease in 2016 (OIE, 2019a). AHPND first appeared in the People’s Republic of China around 2010 and was called ‘covert mortality disease’. It has since been reported from Viet Nam (2010), Malaysia (2011), Thailand (2012), Mexico (2013), the Philippines (2014), Bangladesh (2017), the USA (2017), Taiwan province of China (2018), South Korea (2019) and the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan (2020). It is also suspected to be present in, but unreported, from other countries in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean (OIE, 2019a). The causative agents, discovered in 2013, are isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species that carry a 69-73 kbp plasmid (pVA1) containing pirABvp genes that produce proteins (12.7 kDa and 50.1 kDa) that act together to cause AHPND. The pirABvp toxin genes in these Vibrio species are similar to the pirAB toxin genes of Photorhabdus spp., which are gram-negative, luminescent, rod-shaped bacteria in the Family Enterobacteriaceae (FAO, 2018). The PirAB has an insecticidal property; its toxicity results in severe swelling and shedding of the midgut epithelium in larvae of the moth Plutella xylostella. Clinical signs and mortality of AHPND can start as early as 10 days post-stocking. Major clinical signs involve shrimp hepatopancreas: significant atrophy, loss of colour, and the presence of black spots or streaks due to melanised tubules. Additional clinical signs include soft shells and empty stomach or near-empty midgut (OIE, 2019a)."
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