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    "en": "Ammonia (NH3) is a colourless acrid-smelling reactive gas at ambient temperature and pressure and is considered a significant public health hazard (WHO, 1986; PHE, 2019). <br /> <p>WHO, 1986. <a href=\"https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc54.htm#SectionNumber:10.4\">Environmental Health Criteria 54: Ammonia. 10.4, Accidental exposure. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 2 December 2019.</p>"
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      "Ammonia is a non-flammable gas but is treated as flammable because it can form explosive mixtures with air. Ammonia dissolves readily in water. Solutions of ammonia are alkali and can be corrosive when concentrated or mixed with water. In addition to irritation symptoms, delayed onset of serious respiratory symptoms may present, including corrosive damage to the mucous membranes of both the upper and lower respiratory tract (WHO, 1986; PHE, England 2019). Although ammonia is lighter than air, the vapours from a leak will initially hug the ground. Long-term exposure to low concentrations or short-term exposure to high concentrations may result in adverse health conditions from inhalation. Prolonged exposure of containers to fire or heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing. Both liquid and vapours are extremely irritating, especially to the eyes (Cameo Chemicals, no date). Ammonia is an extensively used industrial chemical. It is commonly used in the production of fertilisers, fibres and plastics, and explosives and is also widely used as a cleaning and descaling agent and in food additives and as industrial refrigerant (WHO, 1986). High gaseous ammonia concentrations may be encountered locally, both in domestic and occupational environments, as a result of gaseous emissions and/or spillages of concentrated solutions, and respiratory (and skin and eye) injury may result. On a larger scale, spillage from stock or transport tanks or refrigeration plant of concentrated ammonia liquor or anhydrous ammonia would constitute severe environmental damage and would cause serious injury to people, animals, and plants in the vicinity. Owing to its low density and short bio-persistence, major spillages would be expected to disperse rapidly and not to persist in the environment (WHO, 1990). Ammonia can be stored and transported as a liquid at a pressure of 10 atm at 25°C. Ammonia dissolves readily in water where it forms, and is in equilibrium with ammonium ions (NH4+). The sum of ammonia and ammonium concentrations is termed ‘total ammonia’ and, owing to the slightly different relative molecular masses, may be expressed as ‘total ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N)’. In most waters, NH4+ predominates, but increased pH or temperature or decreased ionic strength may materially increase levels of non-ionized ammonia (WHO, 1986)."
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