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    "en": "Anthrax"
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    "en": "Anthrax is a disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous animals, although all mammals, including humans can contract it. In humans, anthrax manifests itself in three distinct patterns (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational) (adapted from WHO, FAO and OIE, 2008; CDC, 2020). <br /> <p>CDC, 2020. <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/index.html\">Anthrax. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a>. Accessed 11 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Until the introduction and widespread use of effective veterinary vaccines, Anthrax was a major cause of fatal disease in cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, and pigs throughout the world. Anthrax continues to be reported from many countries in domesticated and wild herbivores, especially where livestock vaccination programmes are inadequate or have been disrupted (WHO, no date). Humans generally acquire the disease directly or indirectly from infected animals, or occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animal products. Control in livestock is therefore the key to reduced incidence in humans. The disease is generally regarded as being non-contagious (WHO, no date). The infected host sheds the vegetative bacilli onto the ground and these sporulate on exposure to the air. The spores, which can persist in soil for decades, may displace up to the topsoil, following grass growth or flooding, creating favourable conditions for anthrax. Grazing animals may take up the spore and get infected, when germination and multiplication can again take place upon the site of infection. Flies appear to play an important role in large outbreaks in endemic areas. Humans acquire anthrax from handling carcasses, hides, bones, etc. from animals that died of the disease (WHO, FAO and OIE, 2008). More than 95% of human anthrax cases take the cutaneous form and result from handling infected carcasses or hides, hair, meat or bones from such carcasses. All three forms (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational) are potentially fatal if untreated, but the cutaneous form is more often self-limiting. Data from pre-antibiotic and vaccine days indicate that 10%–40% of untreated cutaneous cases may be expected to result in death with some geographical and temporal variations (WHO, FAO and OIE, 2008). Bacillus anthracis has always been high on the list of potential agents with respect to biological warfare and bioterrorism. It has been used in that context on at least two occasions, prepared for use on several other occasions and been the named agent in many threats and hoaxes (WHO, FAO and OIE, 2008)."
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