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    "en": "Cadmium"
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    "en": "Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which is widely distributed in the Earth’s crust (soil and rocks), air and water; however, human activity has greatly increased levels in environmental media relevant to population exposure. Human exposure to cadmium represents a major public health concern as it has been associated with a range of acute and long-term adverse health effects and diseases (WHO, 2019). <br /> <p>WHO, 2019. <a href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329480/WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.3-eng.pdf?ua=1\">Preventing disease through healthy environments – Exposure to cadmium: A major<br/> public health concern. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 25 November 2019.</p>"
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      "Cadmium (chemical symbol Cd, atomic number 48) is an element that exists as a number of compounds due to it combining with other elements, including oxygen to form cadmium oxide, chlorine to form cadmium chloride, or sulphur to form cadmium sulphide and cadmium sulphate. Cadmium oxide and cadmium sulphide are most commonly found in the air, whereas cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphate dissolve in water (PHE, 2016). Cadmium is generally present in the environment at low levels; however, human activity has greatly increased levels in environmental media relevant to population exposure. Cadmium can travel long distances from the source of emission by atmospheric transport. It is readily accumulated in many organisms, notably molluscs and crustaceans. Lower concentrations are found in vegetables, cereals and starchy roots (WHO, 2019). Cadmium compounds can be released to the environment in a number of ways, including: Cadmium exerts toxic effects on the kidney, the skeletal system and the respiratory system and is classified as a human carcinogen (IARC, 1993). Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) and osteoporosis may occur in those exposed through living or working in cadmium-contaminated areas; for example, in an area of Japan where water and soil were contaminated with cadmium from zinc/lead mines, itai-itai (‘ouch-ouch’) disease (characterised by osteomalacia, osteoporosis, painful bone fractures and kidney dysfunction) used to be widespread (WHO, 2019). Human exposure occurs mainly from consumption of contaminated food, active and passive inhalation of tobacco smoke, and inhalation by workers in a range of industries. National, regional and global actions are needed to decrease global environmental cadmium releases and reduce occupational and environmental exposure (WHO, 2019)."
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