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    "en": "Participatory research encompasses research designs, methods, and frameworks that use systematic inquiry in direct collaboration with those affected by an issue being studied for the purpose of action or change. Participatory research engages those who are not necessarily trained in research but belong to or represent the interests of the people who are the focus of the research (Vaughn and Jacquez, 2020).\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https:/​/​doi.org/​10.35844/​001c.13244\">Vaughn and Jacquez, 2020.</a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.</p>\n\nCommunity stakeholders can be engaged in research design, process and implementation (e.g. as research commissioners, advisory group members, co-researchers or peer researchers). In projects with ‘deep participation’, ownership lies with the community rather than outside researchers (NERC, 2022).\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https://www.ukri.org/publications/public-engagement-glossary/\">NERC, 2022.</a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.</p>"
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      "Participatory research, like peer research and community research, can sometimes be referred to as a co-productive approach to research. A co-productive approach to research, or public involvement in research, is research being carried out ‘with’ or ‘by’ citizens instead of ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. This is based on the belief that people affected by the topic of the research and the knowledge generated by the research are best placed to design, deliver and analyse it, and have knowledge and skills that are valuable to the research. Citizens are involved as equals in all aspects of the research. The activities might include working alongside designers or researchers to decide which research projects to prioritise, shape the research goals and questions, develop research materials, conduct interviews, collect and analyse the data, draw out insights from the data, and being credited as part of the team in the published results (The Co-production Network for Wales, 2022). \n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https://info.copronet.wales/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Glossary-of-engagement-terminology-Co-production-Network-for-Wales-V1.5-A4.pdf\">Co-production Network for Wales (2022)</a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.</p>"
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