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    "en": "Substandard and Falsified Medical Products"
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    "en": "Substandard and falsified medical products are defined as those that may cause harm to patients and fail to treat the diseases for which they were intended (WHO, 2018). <br /> <p>WHO, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/substandard-and-falsified-medical-products\">Substandard and falsified medical products. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 8 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Substandard and falsified medical products lead to loss of confidence in medicines, healthcare providers and health systems. They affect every region of the world. Substandard and falsified medical products from all the main therapeutic categories have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) and include medicines, vaccines and in vitro diagnostics. Anti-malarials and antibiotics are among the most commonly reported substandard and falsified medical products. Both generic and innovator medicines can be falsified, ranging from very expensive products for cancer to very inexpensive products for treatment of pain (WHO, 2018). Substandard and falsified medical products can be found in illegal street markets, via unregulated websites through to pharmacies, clinics and hospitals. An estimated one in ten medical products in low- and middle-income countries is substandard or falsified. Substandard and falsified medical products contribute to antimicrobial resistance and drug-resistant infections (WHO, 2018). Falsified medical products may contain no active ingredient, the wrong active ingredient or the wrong amount of the correct active ingredient. They are also commonly found to contain corn starch, potato starch or chalk. Some substandard and falsified medical products have been found to be toxic with either fatal levels of the wrong active ingredient or other toxic chemicals (WHO, 2018). Substandard and falsified medical products are often produced in very poor and unhygienic conditions by unqualified personnel and contain unknown impurities and are sometimes contaminated with bacteria (WHO, 2018). Substandard and falsified medical products are difficult to detect. They are often designed to appear identical to the genuine product and may not cause an obvious adverse reaction, however they often will fail to properly treat the disease or condition for which they were intended and can lead to serious health consequences including death (WHO, 2018). The WHO has adopted definitions of substandard, unregistered / unlicensed and falsified medical products (WHO, 2018):"
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