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    "en": "Malware"
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    "en": [
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    "en": "Malware is a summary term for different forms of malevolent software designed to infiltrate and infect computers, typically without the knowledge of the owner (ITU, 2008). <br /> <p>ITU, 2008. <a href=\"https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-study-financial-aspects-of-malware-and-spam.pdf\">ITU Study on the Financial Aspects of Network Security: Malware and Spam. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)</a>. Accessed 3 October 2020.</p>"
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      "source:UNDRR HIPS"
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      "In 2008, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reported that until a few years ago, the most common types of malware were viruses and worms. More recently other types have appeared and are widely distributed, including Trojan horses, backdoors, keystroke loggers, rootkits, and spyware. These terms correspond to the functionality and behaviour of the malware. For instance, a virus is self-propagating, and a worm is self-replicating (ITU, 2008a). Malware is often categorised into ‘families’ (referring to a particular type of malware with unique characteristics) and ‘variants’ (usually a different version of code in a particular family). Malware is put in an information system to cause harm to that system or other systems, or to subvert them for use other than that intended by their owners (ITU, 2008a). There are two principal ways by which malware can be inserted into information systems to carry out the malicious player’s goal. One option is an automated installation, and the other is manual installation. Malware compromises the system and may download additional payload code to expand or update its functionality. Once installed, new features and capabilities are therefore easily added (ITU, 2008a). Malware can be used to distribute spam and to support criminal activities including those based on spam. It can be used to infect systems to gain remote access for the purpose of sending data from that system to a third party without the owner’s permission or knowledge. Malware can be instructed to hide that the information system has been compromised, to disable security measures, to damage the information system, or to otherwise affect the data and system integrity. Sometimes the malware uses encryption to avoid detection or conceal its means of operation (ITU, 2008a)."
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