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    "en": "Varicella is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by varicellazoster virus (WHO, 2014). <br /> <p>WHO, 2014. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/varicella\">Biologicals: Varicella. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 13 December 2019.</p>"
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      "Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a member of the herpesvirus family. Only one serotype of VZV is known, and humans are the only reservoir (WHO, 2014). Following infection, the virus remains latent in neural ganglia and in some cases, it is reactivated to cause herpes zoster, or shingles, generally in elderly or immunocompromised individuals (WHO, 2014). Initial infection with VZV causes varicella (or chickenpox). While mostly a mild disorder in childhood, varicella tends to be more severe in adults. It may be fatal, especially in neonates and in immunocompromised persons. Infection during early pregnancy can rarely lead to destructive lesions in the foetus with shingles-like scarring of tissues (Lamont et al., 2011). Varicella is characterised by an itchy rash of small blisters, usually starting on the scalp and face and initially accompanied by fever and malaise. The rash gradually spreads to the trunk and limbs but tends to spare the hands and feet. The blisters gradually dry out and crusts appear which then disappear over a period of one to two weeks (WHO, 2014). The infection may occasionally be complicated by pneumonia or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), at times with serious or fatal consequences (WHO, 2014). Shingles is a painful rash, usually affecting a zone on one side of the face or body, that may occasionally result in permanent damage to the nerves or cause visual impairment. In immunosuppressed individuals it is severe and often dangerous but can be treated with antiviral medicines (WHO, 2014). VZV transmission occurs via droplets, aerosols, or direct contact with respiratory secretions, and almost always produces clinical disease in susceptible individuals. Shingles is less infectious than chickenpox as the rash is limited and respiratory involvement is much less common (WHO, 2014). The World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidance on case classification and surveillance standards (WHO, 2018)."
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