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    "en": "Riverbank Erosion"
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    "en": "Riverbank erosion is the removal of material from the banks of rivers when flowing water forces exceed bank resisting forces by the soil and vegetation, for example, when river levels are sufficiently high, primarily due to fluvial energy and atmospheric processes and secondarily because of the resultant geotechnical instability and consequential riverbank failure. Riverbank failure can also occur as a consequence of Earth hazards, such as volcanos and earthquakes (USDA, no date). <br /> <p>USDA, no date. <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/stream-bank-erosion-mobilizes-sediment-can-be-transported-downstr\">Stream bank erosion mobilizes sediment that can be transported downstream. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)</a>. Accessed 21 March 2021.</p>"
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      "Riverbank erosion primarily comprises corrasion (abrasion) and mass wasting. River energy, the primary driver for erosion, differs between, along and seasonally within river systems. The speed at which failed sediment masses are mobilised as fluvial sediment load affects the rate of exposure of the riverbank to further erosion. Consequently, riverbank erosion is a discontinuous process, strongly associated with higher energy events such as flooding (Das et al., 2014). Background weathering that facilitates erosion includes processes that are subject to seasonality, and include flooding, precipitation, crack formation, cryogenic processes, poaching and anthropogenic changes to the natural geomorphology (Darby et al., 2007). Bhuiyan et al. (2017) reported that the rivers of Bangladesh are responsible for cumulative annual erosion of up to 10,000 hectares of land. They pointed out that as well as floodplains and settlements, Bangladesh also loses several kilometres of roads, railways, and flood control embankments each year. They stated that no other issues are as disastrous as riverbank erosion with regard to long-term effects on people and society in Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., 2017)."
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