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    "en": "Ground Shaking (Earthquake)"
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  "definition": {
    "en": "Earthquake ground shaking is the movement of the Earth’s surface produced by seismic waves that are generated when an earthquake occurs (adapted from USGS, no date). <br /> <p>USGS, no date. <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/glossary/earthquake-hazards-program\">Earthquake glossary. United States Geological Survey (USGS)</a>. Accessed 14 October 2020.</p>"
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    "en": [
      "Earthquake ground shaking is produced by waves that are generated by sudden slip on a fault that travel through the Earth and along its surface (USGS, no date a). All earthquakes, both natural and man-made, generate seismic waves. Seismic waves radiate outward from the earthquake origin, forming a circular wave front that causes shaking over an extended region (Stein and Wysession, 2003). The strength and duration of the ground shaking at any given location depends on many factors, predominantly the magnitude of the earthquake, distance to earthquake origin, and local soil conditions. Thus, at each site, ground shaking from an earthquake is unique and can vary significantly from location to location (USGS, no date b). Ground shaking is the predominant seismic hazard (secondary seismic hazards include liquefaction, surface rupture, landslides etc.), causing more than 90% of earthquake damage and losses (National Institute of Building Sciences Building Seismic Safety Council, 2010). Earthquake ground shaking scales with the source earthquake’s magnitude, as well as the distance from the earthquake to a particular location, the depth of the earthquake, and the properties of the rock and soil between the earthquake and a given observation site. Earthquake magnitudes are given using one of several broadly equivalent scales, with the ‘moment magnitude’ scaling being the preferred measure of an earthquake’s size, as it quantifies the energy released by the earthquake (USGS, no date c). The magnitude scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 magnitude unit (i.e., 4.3 to 5.3) represents an order of magnitude (factor of 10) increase in the amplitude of seismic measurements, and a factor of 32 increase in the energy release of an earthquake (USGS, no date a). Earthquakes of Magnitude 7.0 and above tend to cause widespread, intense ground shaking; while earthquakes of Magnitudes 6.0 to 6.9 may cause local damage. Note that damage may be more severe and widespread for an earthquake of a given magnitude and other characteristics in regions of fragile buildings and high-density populations."
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