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    "en": "Meningococcal Meningitis (Human)"
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    "en": "Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococcal meningitis has the potential to cause large-scale epidemics and is observed worldwide (WHO, 2018). <br /> <p>WHO, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis\">Meningococcal meningitis. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 3 November 2020.</p>"
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      "Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis. Of the twelve types of Neisseria meningitidis, called serogroups, six (A, B, C, W, X, Y) can cause epidemics. The bacteria can be carried in the nasopharyngeal tract without causing symptoms and are transmitted through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions upon close and prolonged contact. It is believed that 1% to 10% of the population are asymptomatic carriers (WHO, 2018a). The average incubation period is four days but can range from two to ten days. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Some cases may develop haemorrhagic rash. Meningococcal meningitis can kill in hours and if untreated, is fatal in 50% of cases. It may result in brain damage, hearing loss or disability in 10% to 20% of survivors (WHO, 2018a). Diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis relies on lumbar puncture showing a purulent spinal fluid. The bacteria can sometimes be seen in microscopic examinations of the spinal fluid. Diagnosis is confirmed by growing the bacteria from specimens of spinal fluid or blood or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of the serogroups and susceptibility testing to antibiotics are important to define control measures (WHO, 2018a). Meningococcal meningitis is observed in a range of situations, from sporadic cases, to small clusters, to huge epidemics throughout the world, with seasonal variations (WHO, 2018a). International outbreaks have been associated with various mass gatherings. Meningococcal meningitis is observed worldwide but the highest burden of the disease is in the so-called ‘meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa, stretching from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east. The geographical distribution and epidemic potential differ according to the serogroup. Estimates of global meningococcal disease burden vary widely from 116,000 to 429,000 cases worldwide (2015). This range reflects uncertainty due to inadequate surveillance in several parts of the world (WHO, 2018a)."
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