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    "en": "Ocean acidification (OA)"
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    "en": "Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period, which is caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and can also be caused by other chemical additions or subtractions from the ocean (IPCC, 2011). <br /> <p>IPCC, 2011. <a href=\"https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/IPCC_IAOMBE_WorkshopReport_Japan.pdf\">IPCC Workshop on Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biology and Ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a>. Accessed 1 October 2020.</p>"
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      "The ocean absorbs around 30% of carbon dioxide (CO2) released to the atmosphere as a result of human activities. As CO2 dissolves in seawater, it alters the carbonate chemistry of the seawater, resulting in a fall in pH and accompanying declines in dissolved carbonate ion concentration and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) as well as an increase in the concentration of dissolved bicarbonate ions. The decrease in the concentration of dissolved carbonate ions lowers the saturation state of biogenic forms of calcium carbonate minerals, including calcite and aragonite (IPCC, 2019; UNESCO, no date)."
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