BGS, 2020. Subsidence and shrinking and swelling soils. British Geological Survey (BGS). Accessed 27 September 2020.
" }, "editorialNote": { "en": [ "source:UNDRR HIPS" ] }, "scopeNote": { "en": [ "Subsidence and uplift are caused by many factors, including the impacts of mining or tunnelling, consolidation, sinkholes, or of groundwater and moisture changes on expansive soils (BGS, 2020). Such near-surface, relatively shallow crustal, or humangenerated processes, are often localised. Several crustal scale processes also drive subsidence and uplift that tend to be more regional in scale. Crustal movements occur in response to several different mechanisms, including tectonic, glacio-isostatic (Milne et al., 2006), erosional isostatic (denudation; Watts, 2001) and hydro-isostatic (Watts, 2001) processes. These operate over different timescales and different wavelengths. Crustal movements, climate change-driven sea-level rise and erosionderived sedimentation can result in shoreline change. Tectonic uplift and subsidence are the distributed vertical permanent ground deformations (warping) that result from displacement on a dipping (inclined) fault (Styron, 2019). Earthquake surface ruptures and fissures are localised ground displacements that develop during and immediately after an earthquake, where the fault which hosted the earthquake intersects the Earth’s surface. Surface ruptures represent the upward continuation of fault slip at depth, while fissures are smaller displacements, or more distributed deformation in and around the rupture area (PNSN, no date). Volcanic uplift and subsidence are deformations of the ground associated with volcanic unrest and eruptions (Dzurisin, 2007). Hydro-isostatic and erosional-isostatic deformation occur in response to the stress changes induced by changing ground water levels and load (erosion). Hydro-isostatic movements are largely anthropogenic or climatic and therefore commonly seasonal. Ground-level rise is commonly associated with plate subduction zones, such as the Himalayas where the Eurasian and Indian plates converge (USGS, 2015). Uplift can also be driven by swelling, or mantle plumes, such as the Iceland Plume form in higher temperature regions of the Earth’s mantle. Subsidence may be associated with plates moving apart, for example in rift valleys such as the Ethiopian rift valley. The relative motion of the crust on either side of faulting associated with earthquakes results in persistent or permanent deformation of the Earth’s surface. Surface ruptures, fissures, and uplift and subsidence are all manifestations of this longer-term deformation, and although less dramatic, may all pose hazards during and after earthquakes. Lithospheric flexure also responds to extensional and compressional tectonic forces, including movement associated with the formation of rift valleys (commonly associated with plate boundaries) and mountain belts as well as strike slip faults and fault zones (Watts, 2001). In the coastal environment, as well as the potential tectonic impacts, sediment and global sea-level rise impact on shore-line change. Sediment loading can exacerbate regional subsidence, thereby increasing the relative sea-level rise. In coastal areas where accelerated glacial wasting has been reported, glacio-isostatic rebound results in a relative rise in ground level, as exemplified in the wasting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (Simon et al., 2016). Local-to-regional scale subsidence and uplift resulting from changes in groundwater or porewater pressures occur in areas that are underlain by compressible and elastically deforming soils responding to groundwater withdrawal. Cohesive soils commonly exhibit seasonal changes in moisture content that can be associated with local subsidence (e.g., Simic et al., 2015). Anthropogenic impacts on ground level, primarily result from dewatering for potable supply or for subsurface mining or engineering (Cigna et al., 2017)." ] }, "broader": { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/14e52603-1094-452c-8885-9e3e69eae81b", "prefLabel": { "en": "Other Geohazard" } }, "inScheme": [ { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/", "title": { "en": "Climate Connectivity Taxonomy" } } ], "inSchemeAll": [ { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/" } ], "@context": { "@version": 1.1, "id": "@id", "type": "@type", "@vocab": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "schema": "https://schema.org/", "vann": "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/", "ldp": "http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "title": { "@id": "dct:title", "@container": "@language" }, "dc:title": { "@id": "dc:title", "@container": "@language" }, "dc:description": { "@id": "dc:description", "@container": "@language" }, "description": { "@id": "dct:description", "@container": "@language" }, "license": { "@id": "dct:license", "@container": "@language" }, "issued": { "@id": "dct:issued", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "created": { "@id": "dct:created", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "modified": { "@id": "dct:modified", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "creator": "dct:creator", "publisher": "dct:publisher", "preferredNamespacePrefix": "vann:preferredNamespacePrefix", "preferredNamespaceUri": "vann:preferredNamespaceUri", "isBasedOn": "schema:isBasedOn", "source": "dct:source", "prefLabel": { "@container": "@language" }, "altLabel": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "hiddenLabel": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "definition": { "@container": "@language" }, "note": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "changeNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "editorialNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "historyNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "scopeNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "notation": { "@container": "@set" }, "example": { "@container": "@language" }, "narrower": { "@container": "@set" }, "related": { "@container": "@set" }, "relatedMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "narrowerTransitive": { "@container": "@set" }, "broaderTransitive": { "@container": "@set" }, "broadMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "narrowMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "closeMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "exactMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "hasTopConcept": { "@container": "@set" }, "inScheme": { "@container": "@set" }, "topConceptOf": { "@container": "@set" }, "deprecated": { "@id": "owl:deprecated", "@type": "xsd:boolean" }, "isReplacedBy": { "@id": "dct:isReplacedBy", "@container": "@set" } } }