{
  "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/6dc67eba-aa55-4aa4-a4f1-1a00d71144da",
  "type": "Concept",
  "prefLabel": {
    "en": "Urban Fire (During/Following Volcanic Eruption)"
  },
  "altLabel": {
    "en": [
      "Urban conflagration"
    ]
  },
  "definition": {
    "en": "Urban fires are fire involving buildings or structures in cities or towns with potential to spread to adjoining structures. Triggers of urban fires are numerous, from human actions (e.g., knocking over a candle) and technological triggers (e.g., power surge overloading appliances), to natural triggers (e.g., wildland fires interacting with urban areas). Triggers from volcanic eruptions include lava flows, pyroclastic density currents, tephra, and ground shaking (adapted from Baxter et al., 2005 and ISO, 2020). <br /> <p>Baxter, P.J., R. Boyle, P. Cole, A. Neri, R. Spence and G. Zuccaro, 2005. The impacts of pyroclastic surges on buildings at the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. Bulletin of Volcanology, 67:292-313.</p>"
  },
  "editorialNote": {
    "en": [
      "source:UNDRR HIPS"
    ]
  },
  "scopeNote": {
    "en": [
      "All fires, regardless of trigger, need three elements to sustain themselves: fuel, oxygen, and heat. The heat thermally decomposes (pyrolysis) the fuel into a hot gas (volatiles) which mixes with the oxygen which then creates a combustible gas namely the flame, the edge of which is where the combustion reaction happens. The flame can then transfer the heat through: radiation to other objects that it has a line of sight to; convection of hot gases; and conduction through the fuel that is pyrolysing (Drysdale, 2011). Most cellulosic materials pyrolyse between 150 and 500°C to producing volatiles (Zhou et al., 2013). These volatiles will spontaneously ignite if the surface of the pyrolysing object reaches between 450 and 600°C, or between 300 and 450°C if there is a flame already present (Drysdale, 2011). As the fire grows within a room, the rate at which fuel is consumed increases if there is sufficient oxygen within the room. If oxygen levels are low, then the fire will ‘move’ towards more oxygen-rich environments, this causes a phenomenon called flashover, where flames (typically about 1 m long under laboratory conditions for a standard door and a 9 m2 room) are ejected from compartment openings (Drysdale, 2011). In windier conditions, these can increase up to 3 m for a standard door-sized opening (de Koker et al., 2020), however this is not a linear relationship, and above a certain wind speed (dependent on the size of flame and other spatial and material properties) the length of the flame will not increase any further as convective cooling due to the wind reduces the amount of heat energy within the flame. If the spatial distribution of homes is close, then fires can spread from one building to another. The separation distance will be determined by the specific typology of the compartment/ room, its openings, and the fuel therein. Four areas should be considered in relation to fire triggered specifically by volcanic eruptions: lava flows, pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), hot tephra, and ground shaking. If fires are triggered in one or more rooms in a home, then homes can be severely affected by fire damage during/following a volcanic eruption. Urban fires during/following a volcanic eruption have not been systematically recorded in detail to date. Baxter et al. (2005) have created a six-point damage scale which incorporates fire as an observed effect for PDCs."
    ]
  },
  "broader": {
    "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/51a19ac2-70fa-43d2-bf50-23fe2b363d0a",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Volcanogenic"
    }
  },
  "inScheme": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/",
      "title": {
        "en": "Climate Connectivity Taxonomy"
      }
    }
  ],
  "inSchemeAll": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/"
    }
  ],
  "@context": {
    "@version": 1.1,
    "id": "@id",
    "type": "@type",
    "@vocab": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
    "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
    "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
    "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
    "schema": "https://schema.org/",
    "vann": "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/",
    "ldp": "http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#",
    "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#",
    "title": {
      "@id": "dct:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:title": {
      "@id": "dc:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:description": {
      "@id": "dc:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "description": {
      "@id": "dct:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "license": {
      "@id": "dct:license",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "issued": {
      "@id": "dct:issued",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "created": {
      "@id": "dct:created",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "modified": {
      "@id": "dct:modified",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "creator": "dct:creator",
    "publisher": "dct:publisher",
    "preferredNamespacePrefix": "vann:preferredNamespacePrefix",
    "preferredNamespaceUri": "vann:preferredNamespaceUri",
    "isBasedOn": "schema:isBasedOn",
    "source": "dct:source",
    "prefLabel": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "altLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "hiddenLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "definition": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "note": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "changeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "editorialNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "historyNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "scopeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "notation": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "example": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "narrower": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "related": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "relatedMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowerTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broaderTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broadMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "closeMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "exactMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "hasTopConcept": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "inScheme": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "topConceptOf": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "deprecated": {
      "@id": "owl:deprecated",
      "@type": "xsd:boolean"
    },
    "isReplacedBy": {
      "@id": "dct:isReplacedBy",
      "@container": "@set"
    }
  }
}