{
  "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/72471c4e-bfcd-4209-9f76-afb919d76990",
  "type": "Concept",
  "prefLabel": {
    "en": "Ground Shaking (induced earthquake, reservoir fill, dams, cavity collapse, underground explosion, impact, hydrocarbon fields, shale exploration, etc.)"
  },
  "altLabel": {
    "en": [
      "Ground motion,",
      "Ground vibration,",
      "Local ground response,",
      "Seismicity,",
      "Shaking intensity,",
      "Vibration",
      "Earth tremor,",
      "Peak ground acceleration (PGA),"
    ]
  },
  "definition": {
    "en": "Induced seismic ground shaking comprises non-tectonic (i.e., nonnatural) earthquakes which result from human activities that alter the stresses and strains on the Earth’s crust. Most induced seismicity is of a low magnitude and higher frequency than larger magnitude events with longer wavelengths and lower frequencies (USGS, 2016). <br /> <p>USGS, 2016. <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/communications-and-publishing/news/earthword-induced-seismicity\">EarthWord – Induced Seismicity. United States Geological Survey (USGS)</a>. Accessed 21 October 2020.</p>"
  },
  "editorialNote": {
    "en": [
      "source:UNDRR HIPS"
    ]
  },
  "scopeNote": {
    "en": [
      "An earthquake is the sudden release of energy and ground shaking resulting from rocks breaking and moving along a fault line. Earthquake ground shaking is produced by seismic waves that travel through the Earth and along its surface. All earthquakes, both natural and man-made, generate seismic waves. Seismic waves radiate outward from the earthquake origin, forming a circular wave front that causes shaking over an extended region (Stein and Wysession, 2003). Ground shaking is a predominant seismic hazard, causing more than 90% of earthquake-related damage and loss (National Institute of Building Sciences Building Seismic Safety Council, 2010). The strength and duration of the ground shaking at any location depends on many factors, predominantly the magnitude of the earthquake, the earthquake mechanism (i.e., the fault orientation and direction of slip), the distance to the earthquake origin, and local soil conditions (Kramer, 1996; USGS, no date a). Thus, ground shaking at each site from an earthquake is unique and can vary significantly from location to location. There are many human activities that can cause induced earthquakes including: wastewater disposal, mining, development of artificial lakes, extraction of fossil fuels, extraction of groundwater, development of geothermal energy, hydraulic fracturing, and subsurface storage of carbon dioxide. Earthquake magnitudes are given using one of several broadly equivalent scales, with the ‘moment magnitude’ scaling being the preferred measure of an earthquake’s size, as it quantifies the energy released by the earthquake (USGS, no date b). The magnitude scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 magnitude unit (i.e., 4.3 to 5.3) represents an order of magnitude (factor of 10) increase in the amplitude of seismic measurements, and a factor of 32 increase in the energy release of an earthquake (USGS, no date b). Earthquakes of Magnitude 7.0 and above can be expected to cause widespread, intense ground shaking; earthquakes of Magnitudes 6.0 to 6.9 may cause local damage. Note that damage may be more severe and widespread for an earthquake of a given magnitude and other characteristics in regions of fragile buildings and high-density population (USGS, no date b)."
    ]
  },
  "broader": {
    "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/14e52603-1094-452c-8885-9e3e69eae81b",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Other Geohazard"
    }
  },
  "inScheme": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/",
      "title": {
        "en": "Climate Connectivity Taxonomy"
      }
    }
  ],
  "inSchemeAll": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/"
    }
  ],
  "@context": {
    "@version": 1.1,
    "id": "@id",
    "type": "@type",
    "@vocab": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
    "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
    "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
    "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
    "schema": "https://schema.org/",
    "vann": "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/",
    "ldp": "http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#",
    "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#",
    "title": {
      "@id": "dct:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:title": {
      "@id": "dc:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:description": {
      "@id": "dc:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "description": {
      "@id": "dct:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "license": {
      "@id": "dct:license",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "issued": {
      "@id": "dct:issued",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "created": {
      "@id": "dct:created",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "modified": {
      "@id": "dct:modified",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "creator": "dct:creator",
    "publisher": "dct:publisher",
    "preferredNamespacePrefix": "vann:preferredNamespacePrefix",
    "preferredNamespaceUri": "vann:preferredNamespaceUri",
    "isBasedOn": "schema:isBasedOn",
    "source": "dct:source",
    "prefLabel": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "altLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "hiddenLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "definition": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "note": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "changeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "editorialNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "historyNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "scopeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "notation": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "example": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "narrower": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "related": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "relatedMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowerTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broaderTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broadMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "closeMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "exactMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "hasTopConcept": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "inScheme": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "topConceptOf": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "deprecated": {
      "@id": "owl:deprecated",
      "@type": "xsd:boolean"
    },
    "isReplacedBy": {
      "@id": "dct:isReplacedBy",
      "@container": "@set"
    }
  }
}