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    "en": "Fungal plant disease is the occurrence of plant diseases caused by fungal agents over large areas with significant impact on crop productivity or natural habitats (Arneson, 2001; Moore et al., 2019). <br /> <p>Arneson, P.A., 2001. <a href=\"https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disimpactmngmnt/topc/EpidemiologyTemporal/Pages/default.aspx\">Plant Disease Epidemiology: Temporal Aspects. The Plant Health Instructor. (Revised 2011)</a>. Accessed 20 November 2019.</p>"
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      "Fungi are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms classified as a separate kingdom, as are animalia and plantae. They include many important species causing plant diseases of local or global significance such as blights, wilts, rots, mildews, canker, smuts or rusts. The fungus structure normally consists of filamentous strands called mycelium and reproduces through spores (CABI, no date). The list of fungal diseases includes many types: anthracnose; black knot; blight including chestnut blight and late blight; canker; clubroot; damping-off; Dutch elm disease; ergot; Fusarium wilt; leaf blister; mildew including downy mildew and powdery mildew; oak wilt; rot including basal rot, grey mould rot and heart rot; rust including wheat, soybean, pine blister, coffee and cedar-apple rust; scab including apple scab; smut including loose smut and corn smut; snow mould; sooty mould; and Verticillium wilt (Encyclopaedia Britannica, no date). Collectively, fungi and fungal-like organisms (FLOs) cause plant (forest) diseases with over 8000 species shown to cause disease. Some of the world’s great famines and periods of human suffering can be blamed on plant disease-causing fungi and FLOs (Williams et al., 2017). Numerous fungal disease epidemics have affected crop production and forests in many countries and regions in world history. These include epidemics caused by potato blight, wheat rust diseases, chestnut blight, rice blast and banana Fusarium wilt. In addition to being agents of pre-harvest and post-harvest diseases and rots, some fungi can produce highly toxic, hallucinogenic and carcinogenic chemicals that have not only affected the lives of millions historically but also continue to cause problems today. In 2006, dozens of dogs perished from food tainted with aflatoxin, a chemical produced by several Aspergillus species. These fungi can grow on many plants such as corn and produce toxins on the grain that not only affect the liver but is also one of the most carcinogenic substances known (Williams et al., 2017). Some fungi have beneficial roles in soil, but many are the major causal agents of plant diseases both during growth and in post-harvest processing. A wide range of fungicides are used to control fungi and to avoid production losses (FAO, 2017)."
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