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    "en": "Shrink-Swell Subsidence"
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    "en": [
      "Clay shrink-swell,",
      "Expansive clay subsidence,",
      "Pipe clays (American term)",
      "Problem soils,"
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  "definition": {
    "en": "Subsidence is a lowering or collapse of the ground, caused by various factors, including groundwater lowering, sub-surface mining or tunnelling, consolidation, sinkholes, or changes in moisture content in expansive soils. Shrink-swell is the term applied to the behaviour of expansive soils, which are a group of soils that exhibit volumetric change in response to changes in moisture content, such that they shrink in response to desiccation and swell by hydration, resulting in ground subsidence and ground heave respectively (BGS, 2020). <br /> <p>BGS, 2020. <a href=\"http://www.bgs.ac.uk/geology-projects/shallow-geohazards/clay-shrink-swell\">Swelling and Shrinking Soils. British Geological Survey (BGS)</a>. Accessed 27 September 2020.</p>"
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      "The properties of expansive soils are attributable to the presence of swelling clay minerals. These clays range in their potential to absorb water according to their different structures. Expansive clay groups with increasing susceptibility to swelling include kandites (e.g., kaolinite, haloysite), illites (e.g., phengite, glauconite), vermiculites and smectites (e.g., montmorillonite, talc). These minerals are a product of weathering, commonly formed on land and then transported to the oceans. Their distribution reflects the underlying source rock geology, its diagenesis and stress history (e.g., stress-induced smectite to illite transformations) and the nature of the weathering, for example, wet climates are associated with kaolinite rich soils and dry environments are characterised by smectite clays (Eberl, 1984)."
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