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    "en": "International armed conflict covers all cases of declared war and other de facto armed conflict between two or more States, even if the state of war is not recognised by one of them and/or the use of armed force is unilateral (ICRC, 2016). <br /> <p>ICRC, 2016. <a href=\"https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949/article-2/commentary/2016#44\">Commentary on the First Geneva Convention. International Committee of the Red<br/> Cross (ICRC)</a>. Accessed 14 January 2020.</p>"
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      "Common Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 defined International Armed Conflict (IAC) as, “all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.” IAC “exists whenever there is a resort to armed force between States” (ICTY, 1995) and “can always be assumed when parts of the armed forces of two States clash with each other” (Schindler, 1979). (The Geneva Conventions refer to States that are party to the Conventions as ‘High Contracting Parties’.) International armed conflict is conceptually broader and more flexible than the notion of war between States, because IAC is based on objective and factual criteria and does not rely on the formal declaration of war (ICRC, 2016). By extension, the termination of IAC is based on evidence on the ground and not a ceasefire or peace agreement (ICRC, 2016). Article 6(2) of the Fourth Convention stipulates that the Convention ceases to apply when there is objective evidence of “the general close of military operations,” and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ruled that International Humanitarian Law “extends beyond the cessation of hostilities until a general conclusion of peace is reached” (ICTY, 1995: para. 70). The category of IAC encompasses a broad range of international hostilities, including, but not limited to: Armed forces and non-military agencies acting on behalf of the State may be involved in the means and methods of IAC, and the use of armed force may be directed against a State’s armed forces, territory, population, or military or civilian infrastructure (ICRC, 2016)."
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