OIE, 2019. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE). Accessed 11 October 2020.
" }, "editorialNote": { "en": [ "source:IPCC Glossary AR6", "source:UNDRR HIPS" ] }, "scopeNote": { "en": [ "Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) encompass a variety of illnesses that can be transmitted among humans (e.g., malaria, dengue), among animals (e.g., African swine fever, East Coast fever), or from animals to humans (e.g., Nipah virus disease) (OIE, 2015a,b; WHO, 2020). Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, and mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies, sandflies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some species of freshwater aquatic snail (OIE, 2015a,b; WHO, 2020). Examples of zoonotic VBDs include: Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis; Rift Valley fever; Japanese encephalitis; West Nile fever; Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever; Nipah virus disease; Q fever; Tularaemia; African trypanosomosis; and Chagas disease. Some of these VBDs are described in detail in other Hazard Information Profiles: African swine fever (BI0070), Q fever (BI0081), Rift Valley fever (BI0082) and trypanosomosis (BI0083). Metrics and numeric limits Not identified.", "Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal (WHO, 2020). Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors. Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths from diseases such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis (WHO, 2020). The burden of these diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas, and they disproportionately affect the poorest populations. Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue, malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika have afflicted populations, claimed lives, and overwhelmed health systems in many countries. Other diseases such as Chikungunya, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis cause chronic suffering, life-long morbidity, disability and occasional stigmatisation (WHO, 2020). Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. They may be caused by parasites, bacteria or viruses (WHO, 2020). 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