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    "en": "Hepatitis C (human)"
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    "en": "Hepatitis C is a blood-borne liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus: the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis C is endemic and epidemic worldwide (WHO, 2020). <br /> <p>WHO, 2020. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c\">Hepatitis C. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 8 November 2020.</p>"
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      "The most common modes of infection of hepatitis C are through exposure to small quantities of blood. This may happen through injecting drug use, unsafe injection practices, unsafe health care, transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products, and sexual practices that lead to exposure to blood. The incubation period for hepatitis C ranges from two weeks to six months (WHO, 2020). New hepatitis C infections (approximately 80%) are usually asymptomatic. Those persons who are acutely symptomatic may exhibit fever, fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, grey-coloured faeces, joint pain and jaundice (yellowing of skin and the whites of the eyes). Around 30% (15–45%) of infected persons spontaneously clear the virus within six months of infection without any treatment. The remaining 70% (55–85%) of persons will develop chronic hepatitis C infection. Of those with chronic hepatitis C infection, a significant number will go on to develop cirrhosis (liver scarring) or liver cancer (WHO, 2020). There is no effective vaccine against hepatitis C; prevention of hepatitis C infection depends upon reducing the risk of exposure to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in health-care settings and in higher risk populations such as people who inject drugs and men who have sex with other men, particularly those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or those who are taking pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV (WHO, 2020). Hepatitis C infection is diagnosed in two steps: testing for anti-HCV antibodies with a serological test to identify people who have been infected with the virus; and, if the test is positive for anti-HCV antibodies, a nucleic acid test for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) to confirm chronic infection, because those without viral RNA also test positive for anti-HCV antibodies (WHO, 2020). The World Health Organization (WHO) has published surveillance standards for hepatitis C (WHO, 2016a)."
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