Styron, R., 2019. Coseismic uplift and subsidence: An underappreciated seismic threat. Global Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM) Hazard Blog. Accessed 24 November 2019.
" }, "editorialNote": { "en": [ "source:UNDRR HIPS" ] }, "scopeNote": { "en": [ "Most earthquakes are caused by displacement (sliding) of the Earth’s crust at a fault. The relative motion of the crust on either side of the fault results in persistent or permanent deformation of the Earth’s surface, in addition to the ground shaking resulting from the sudden release of energy during the earthquake. Tectonic uplift and subsidence are manifestations of this longer-term deformation, and though less dramatic, they may all pose hazards during and after earthquakes (Styron, 2019).", "Uplift and subsidence may occur before, during and after volcanic eruptions (Dzurisin, 2007). Before eruptions, uplift and/ or subsidence may be among the first signs that a magmatic system is restless, so monitoring and understanding ground deformation is critical to attempts to understand magmatic systems, forecast eruptions and mitigate volcanic risk (Dzurisin, 2007; Acocella et al., 2015). ‘Volcanic unrest’ is defined as any deviation of ground deformation, seismicity, gas emission, and/or other geophysical and geochemical indicators from normal baselines, increasing the probability of eruption (Acocella, 2019). Volcanic unrest may typically last from hours to months but at some caldera volcanoes, unrest episodes may last for years to decades (Acocella et al., 2015). Some volcanoes that have not erupted for tens to hundreds of years may experience repeated episodes of unrest over several years before a critical threshold is reached and an eruption occurs (e.g., Sigmundsson et al., 2010). During unrest at volcanoes, ground deformation is usually on the order of millimetres to centimetres per year and it is not uncommon for the centre of uplift to move (e.g., Di Vito et al., 2016). Some caldera volcanoes may show deformation rates of metres per year (e.g., Acocella, 2019) and some calderas show very long-term ground deformation (‘resurgence’) which may cause uplift of up to 1 km over hundreds to thousands of years (e.g., Galetto et al., 2017; Acocella, 2019). Volcanic calderas are some of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and many have large populations living in and around the caldera (Acocella et al., 2015). They have surface depressions from ~1 km to tens of kilometres across, and up to several kilometres in topographic change from rim to floor (Acocella et al., 2015). Some contain lakes (e.g., Taal, Philippines) and some are semi-submarine (e.g., Santorini, Greece; Krakatau, Indonesia). Most calderas have large (over 1000 km3), long-lived, heterogeneous and active magmatic systems and about 20 caldera volcanoes show unrest each year, most driven by magma intrusion (Acocella et al., 2015). For example, the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is 12 km across and lies under the outskirts of Naples. At least 5 m of uplift was observed in the hours to days before the last eruption at Campi Flegrei in 1538 (from Monte Nuovo) resulting in the seaward retreat of the shoreline by ‘200 paces’ (Parascandola, 1947; Dvorak and Gasparini, 1991). Campi Flegrei experienced major uplifts in 1950–1951, 1969–1972 and 1982–1984 which cumulatively raised the town of Pozzuoli by 4 m. Pozzuoli experienced a maximum of 1.8 m of uplift during unrest in 1982–1984 (Berrino et al., 1984)." ] }, "broader": { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/fc8017fd-8ba3-42db-8d1f-bc7693388cc5", "prefLabel": { "en": "Seismogenic (Earthquakes)" } }, "inScheme": [ { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/", "title": { "en": "Climate Connectivity Taxonomy" } } ], "inSchemeAll": [ { "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/" } ], "@context": { "@version": 1.1, "id": "@id", "type": "@type", "@vocab": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "schema": "https://schema.org/", "vann": "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/", "ldp": "http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#", "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#", "title": { "@id": "dct:title", "@container": "@language" }, "dc:title": { "@id": "dc:title", "@container": "@language" }, "dc:description": { "@id": "dc:description", "@container": "@language" }, "description": { "@id": "dct:description", "@container": "@language" }, "license": { "@id": "dct:license", "@container": "@language" }, "issued": { "@id": "dct:issued", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "created": { "@id": "dct:created", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "modified": { "@id": "dct:modified", "@type": "xsd:date" }, "creator": "dct:creator", "publisher": "dct:publisher", "preferredNamespacePrefix": "vann:preferredNamespacePrefix", "preferredNamespaceUri": "vann:preferredNamespaceUri", "isBasedOn": "schema:isBasedOn", "source": "dct:source", "prefLabel": { "@container": "@language" }, "altLabel": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "hiddenLabel": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "definition": { "@container": "@language" }, "note": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "changeNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "editorialNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "historyNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "scopeNote": { "@container": [ "@language", "@set" ] }, "notation": { "@container": "@set" }, "example": { "@container": "@language" }, "narrower": { "@container": "@set" }, "related": { "@container": "@set" }, "relatedMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "narrowerTransitive": { "@container": "@set" }, "broaderTransitive": { "@container": "@set" }, "broadMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "narrowMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "closeMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "exactMatch": { "@container": "@set" }, "hasTopConcept": { "@container": "@set" }, "inScheme": { "@container": "@set" }, "topConceptOf": { "@container": "@set" }, "deprecated": { "@id": "owl:deprecated", "@type": "xsd:boolean" }, "isReplacedBy": { "@id": "dct:isReplacedBy", "@container": "@set" } } }