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    "en": "Landslide (Volcanic Trigger)"
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      "Mass wasting,",
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  "definition": {
    "en": "A landslide is the downslope movement of soil, rock and organic materials under the effects of gravity, which occurs when the gravitational driving forces exceed the frictional resistance of the material resisting on the slope. Landslides could be terrestrial or submarine (Varnes, 1978). <br /> <p>Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster, R.L. and R.J. Krizek (eds.), Landslides, Analysis and Control. Special report 176: Transportation Research Board. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 11-33.</p>"
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      "source:UNDRR HIPS"
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    "en": [
      "The term ‘landslide’ encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are subdivided according to the type of geological material (bedrock, debris, or earth). Slope movement occurs when forces acting down-slope (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope. Landslides are common on volcanic cones because they are tall, steep, and weakened by the rise and eruption of molten rock. Magma releases volcanic gases that partially dissolve in groundwater, resulting in a hot acidic hydrothermal system that weakens rock by altering minerals to clay (USGS, no date). Volcano landslides (debris avalanches) range in size from less than 1 km3 to more than 100 km3 (USGS, no date). They comprise masses of rock, soil and snow that are mobilised when the flank of a volcano collapses and slides downslope. The mobilised sediment can be very destructive and entrain more sediment (as well as vegetation or structures) along its path. The high velocity and momentum allows them to cross valleys and run up slopes several hundred metres high. The larger landslides are generally more deep-seated, involving weak hydrothermal and magmatic systems in the volcano. The landslides leave a hummocky terrain that reflects the initial structure of the edifice (de Vries and Davies, 2015). The sediment largely comprises unsorted and unstratified angular-to-subangular debris (Siebert, 1996). Runout lengths are commonly many times the height of the volcano. Many landslides contain or incorporate water that leads to secondary debris flow and lahar generation. Runout varies with the extent of air or fluid entrainment; however, the physical basis of the long runouts is not fully understood. Most are the result of several factors, including volcanic flank failures. Landslides on volcanic islands such as Hawaii, Reunion and Tristan da Cunha are characterised by long runout distances and volumes exceeding 1000 km3 (Hürlimann et al., 2000)."
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