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    "en": "An influenza pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new influenza virus to which there is little or no pre-existing immunity in the human population (WHO, 2021). <br /> <p>WHO, 2021. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)?gclid=CjwKCAiA-P-rBhBEEiwAQEXhH1WSOjUeE7Qbyrs5irImYx2Af8iXjRCtG7fcmKypv7ftktGXNRb2sxoCew8QAvD_BwE\">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed June 2021.</p>"
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      "The constantly evolving nature of the influenza virus makes influenza among the top few infectious hazards with significant impact. A pandemic occurs when an influenza virus emerges to which there is little or no immunity in the global human population and which can transmit efficiently among people. The pandemic virus can be a virus strain jumping directly from animals or reassorted from animal viruses with or without human seasonal viruses. Three influenza pandemics occurred at intervals of several decades during the 20th century, the most severe of which was the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’ (caused by an A(H1N1) virus), estimated to have caused 20–50 million deaths in 1918–2019. Milder pandemics occurred followed in 1957–1958 (‘Asian Flu’) caused by an A(H2N2) virus) and in 1968 (the ‘Hong Kong Flu’ caused by an A(H3N2) virus), which were estimated to have caused 1–4 million deaths each. The current status of knowledge and technology means that predicting the next influenza pandemic – when, where, which virus strain, and how severe it will be – is impossible. Consequently, pandemic vaccines cannot be developed before the pandemic virus emerges. The World Health Organization (WHO) public health research agenda for influenza as an innovative research mechanism is key to inform and advance pandemic influenza preparedness (WHO, 2017a). Meanwhile global influenza surveillance, through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), assists with timely sharing of virus data and associated information, and national capacity building via seasonal influenza programs that are critical to mitigate the impact of the inevitable next pandemic (WHO, 2017b)."
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