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    "en": "Eutrophication"
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    "en": "Eutrophication is the overabundance of nutrients in a body of water that results in harmful algal blooms, fish kills, and in some cases ecosystem collapse. It is a process driven by enrichment of water by nutrients, particularly compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, leading to increased growth, primary production and biomass of algae; changes in the balance of nutrients causing changes to the balance of organisms; and water quality degradation (NOAA, 2007; UNEP, 2015). <br /> <p>NOAA, 2007. <a href=\"https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/national-estuarine-eutrophication-assessment-update\">National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment: Update. National Centers for Coastal<br/> Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a>. Accessed 14 October 2020.</p>"
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      "source:IPCC Glossary AR6",
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      "Eutrophication is the nutrient output (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), such as from sewage outfalls and fertilised farmland, that accelerates the growth of algae and other vegetation in water. The degradation of organic material consumes oxygen resulting in oxygen deficiency and, in some cases, fish death. Eutrophication translates the quantity of substances emitted into a common measure expressed as the oxygen required for the degradation of dead biomass (FAO, 2017). Eutrophication resulting from excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage causes algal blooms. Those can generate toxins that can make fish and other seafood unfit for human consumption. Algal blooms can also lead to anoxic areas (i.e., dead zones) and hypoxic zones. Such zones have serious consequences from environmental, economic and social perspectives (United Nations, 2017). Where there are narrow continental shelves, some wind conditions can bring nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water up into coastal waters, and produce hypoxic (low-oxygen) or even anoxic (no-oxygen) conditions and eutrophication can develop. Changes in ocean circulation appear to be enhancing those effects. Examples of this can be found on the western coasts of the American continent immediately north and south of the equator, the western coast of sub-Saharan Africa and the western coast of the Indian subcontinent (United Nations, 2017). Marine biota are subject to many different pressures from hazardous substances, including the impact of such substances on reproductive success. Dead zones and low-oxygen zones resulting from eutrophication and climate change can lead to systematic changes in the species structure at established fishing grounds. Either can reduce the extent to which fish and other species used as seafood will continue to reproduce at their historical rates. When those effects are combined with those of excessive fishing on specific stocks, there are risks that the traditional levels of food provision from the sea will not be maintained (United Nations, 2017)."
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