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    "en": "Non-international armed conflict is defined as protracted armed confrontations occurring between governmental armed forces and the forces of one or more armed groups, or between such groups arising on the territory of a State. The armed confrontation must reach a minimum level of intensity, and the parties involved in the conflict must show a minimum of organisation (ICRC, 2008). <br /> <p>ICRC, 2008. <a href=\"https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/opinion-paper-armed-conflict.pdf\">How is the term ‘Armed Conflict’ defined in International Humanitarian Law? Opinion Paper. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)</a>. Accessed 15 January 2020.</p>"
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      "Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions provides for “the case of armed conflict not of an international character,” and the definition of Non-International Armed Conflict (NIAC) offered herein reflects the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)’s understanding based on practice and international case-law (ICRC, 2016). The category of NIAC includes: Confrontations must occur between organised Parties possessing organised armed forces (ICRC, 2016). While NIAC occurs predominantly within a State, NIAC may feature extraterritorial aspects (ICRC, 2016) and/or become internationalised with the involvement of foreign States in support of one or more Parties (ICRC, 2016). Armed violence must meet a minimum threshold of intensity that distinguishes it from situations not considered NIAC, including the following: The intensity of violence is assessed on a case-by-case basis based on cumulative evidence relating to objective criteria, and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) developed a non-exhaustive set of ‘indicative factors’ that can be used as examples to determine ‘the seriousness of attacks’ (ICTY, 2008). The termination of NIAC is also based on objective criteria and not the declaration of a ceasefire, armistice, or peace agreement. International humanitarian law “extends beyond the cessation of hostilities until…a peaceful settlement is achieved” (ICTY, 1995: para. 70). The termination of NIAC may be initiated when one of the Parties is summarily defeated and ceases to exist or otherwise dissolves, or when there is a lasting absence of armed confrontations between the original Parties."
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