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    "en": "Biological Agents"
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    "en": "Biological agents, according to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (1972), include germs, toxins and viruses that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops (UNODA, 1972). <br /> <p>UNODA, 1972. <a href=\"https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpdpsbbtwd/cpdpsbbtwd.html\">Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction: Article I. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)</a>. Accessed 1 December 2019.</p>"
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      "Because biological material (irrespective of its means of synthesis, production or application) can have both peaceful and nonpeaceful purposes, no purely scientific definition of prohibited items is possible; although indicative lists have been developed by the Australia Group (2015) and governments to implement strategic trade controls. Bacteria: Bacillus anthracis (the bacterium causing Anthrax) is one of the most common biological agents used because its spores are easily found in nature, can be produced in a laboratory, and can persist for a long time in the environment. People get infected with anthrax when spores get into the body. The microscopic spores can be put into powders, sprays, food, and water (WHO, 2008). Toxins: Botulinum toxin, also known as Agent X is the most toxic agent known to humankind and is a very potent neurotoxin, which blocks the release of critical enzymes from the human nervous system. The lethal dose for humans of such toxins is in the sub-microgram range, which is many times lower (more toxic) than the dosage for nerve agents. Ricin (produced in nature in the seeds of the castor bean plant) and saxitoxin (produced in nature by cyanobacteria) are also listed in Schedule 1 of the Convention, however their toxicity is less than for Botulinum toxin (UNODA, 1972; Nigam and Nigam, 2010). Viruses: These include virus derived diseases, particularly smallpox which was eradicated in 1980. Although smallpox, caused by variola virus no longer occurs naturally, the threat remains. There are concerns that variola virus, may exist outside of the two World Health Organization (WHO)-designated collaborating centres in the United States and Russia. The risk for an intentional or accidental release of the smallpox virus is believed to be low, but the effects of such an event could be devastating. The potential consequences make planning for a smallpox emergency critical (CDC, no date)."
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