{
  "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/b8410a91-d85d-4c17-8cda-c1b5fd44f847",
  "type": "Concept",
  "prefLabel": {
    "en": "Dioxins and Dioxin-like Substances"
  },
  "definition": {
    "en": "Dioxins and dioxin-like substances, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are unwanted by-products of combustion and various industrial processes, such as chlorine bleaching of paper pulp and smelting. They can travel long distances from the source of emission, and bioaccumulate in food chains These substances represent a major public health concern. They have been associated with a range of acute and long-term adverse health effects and diseases (WHO, 2019). <br /> <p>WHO, 2019. <a href=\"apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329485/WHO-CED-PHE-EPE-19.4.4-eng.pdf?ua=1\">Preventing disease through healthy environments: Exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like substances: A major public health concern. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 25 November 2019.</p>"
  },
  "editorialNote": {
    "en": [
      "source:UNDRR HIPS"
    ]
  },
  "scopeNote": {
    "en": [
      "Dioxins and dioxin-like substances’ are three- or two-ring structures chlorinated to varying degrees. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can have up to 10 chlorine atoms substituting for hydrogen atoms, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) can have up to eight. The compounds tend to have similar toxicity profiles and common mechanisms of action and are generally considered together as a group to set guidelines (WHO, 2019). PCDDs and PCDFs are widely present in the environment, occurring naturally, but mainly as unwanted by-products of combustion and of various industrial processes. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) was a contaminant of a herbicide (2,4,5-T) and chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs) were major contaminants of PCBs, but neither PCDDs nor PCDFs have ever been manufactured or used for commercial purposes other than for scientific research. PCBs were globally manufactured and used in the past (WHO, 2019). Although PCB manufacture is now prohibited under the Stockholm Convention, release into the environment still occurs from the disposal of large-scale electrical equipment and waste, from metallurgical uses, and from some chemical manufacture and processing (WHO, 2019). Human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like substances has been associated with a range of toxic effects, including chloracne; reproductive, developmental and neurodevelopmental effects; immunotoxicity; and effects on thyroid hormones, liver and tooth development. Dioxins are also carcinogenic. Developmental effects are the most sensitive human health endpoint, making children – particularly breastfed infants – a population at elevated risk (WHO, 2019)."
    ]
  },
  "broader": {
    "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/ccc8fa57-e987-4980-9224-069ba7e619ee",
    "prefLabel": {
      "en": "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)"
    }
  },
  "inScheme": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/",
      "title": {
        "en": "Climate Connectivity Taxonomy"
      }
    }
  ],
  "inSchemeAll": [
    {
      "id": "http://connectivity-hub.com/terms/"
    }
  ],
  "@context": {
    "@version": 1.1,
    "id": "@id",
    "type": "@type",
    "@vocab": "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#",
    "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#",
    "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
    "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
    "schema": "https://schema.org/",
    "vann": "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/",
    "ldp": "http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#",
    "owl": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#",
    "title": {
      "@id": "dct:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:title": {
      "@id": "dc:title",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "dc:description": {
      "@id": "dc:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "description": {
      "@id": "dct:description",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "license": {
      "@id": "dct:license",
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "issued": {
      "@id": "dct:issued",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "created": {
      "@id": "dct:created",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "modified": {
      "@id": "dct:modified",
      "@type": "xsd:date"
    },
    "creator": "dct:creator",
    "publisher": "dct:publisher",
    "preferredNamespacePrefix": "vann:preferredNamespacePrefix",
    "preferredNamespaceUri": "vann:preferredNamespaceUri",
    "isBasedOn": "schema:isBasedOn",
    "source": "dct:source",
    "prefLabel": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "altLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "hiddenLabel": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "definition": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "note": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "changeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "editorialNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "historyNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "scopeNote": {
      "@container": [
        "@language",
        "@set"
      ]
    },
    "notation": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "example": {
      "@container": "@language"
    },
    "narrower": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "related": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "relatedMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowerTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broaderTransitive": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "broadMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "narrowMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "closeMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "exactMatch": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "hasTopConcept": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "inScheme": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "topConceptOf": {
      "@container": "@set"
    },
    "deprecated": {
      "@id": "owl:deprecated",
      "@type": "xsd:boolean"
    },
    "isReplacedBy": {
      "@id": "dct:isReplacedBy",
      "@container": "@set"
    }
  }
}