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    "en": "Invasive Weeds"
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    "en": "An invasive weed is an alien species that by its establishment or spread has become injurious to plants, or that by risk analysis is shown to be potentially injurious to plants (adapted from FAO, 2017). <br /> <p>FAO, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faoterm/PDF/ISPM_05_2016_En_2017-05-25_PostCPM12_InkAm.pdf\">Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM 5. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)</a>. Accessed 11 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Invasive weeds are plants growing in agricultural lands and natural habitats where they are not wanted and where they compete with plants grown or natural resources causing significant economic or environmental damage. The term also includes any plant that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops, livestock, poultry, natural habitats or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation or the natural landscapes (USDA, 2016). In April 2001, the International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants (ICMP) recognised that under the International Plant Protection Convention’s existing mandate, to take account of environmental concerns, further clarification should include consideration of the following points relating to the potential environmental risks of pests: reduction or elimination of endangered (or threatened) native plant species; reduction or elimination of a keystone plant species (a species which plays a major role in the maintenance of an ecosystem); reduction or elimination of a plant species which is a major component of a native ecosystem; causing a change to plant biological diversity in such a way as to result in ecosystem destabilization; and resulting in control, eradication or management programmes that would be needed if a quarantine pest was introduced, and impacts of such programmes (e.g., pesticides, non-indigenous predators or parasites) on biological diversity (FAO, 2009). The Convention on Biodiversity states that invasive plant species have been reported among inter alia seaweeds, trees, shrubs, vines, forbs and grasses. The indicative economic impacts of some invasive alien species are reported to be as follows: the impact of knapweed (Centaurea spp.) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on the economy of three US states is USD 40.5 million per year (direct costs) and USD 89 million as indirect costs (UNEP, 2001)."
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