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    "en": "Viral, Mycoplasma and Viroid Plant Disease"
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      "Mycoplasmas are often referred to as mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs),",
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    "en": "Viral, mycoplasma and viroid plant disease epidemics are the occurrence of plant diseases caused by viruses, mycoplasma (syn. phytoplasma, mycoplasma-like organisms ) and viroids over large areas with significant impact on crop productivity or natural habitats (adapted from Nakashima and Murata, 1993; Hammond and Owens, 2006; FAO and IPPC, 2016; Rubio et al., 2020). <br /> <p>FAO and IPPC, 2016. <a href=\"www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2016/04/DP_12_2016_En_2016-04-14.pdf\">ISPM 27 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests. DP 12: Phytoplasmas</a>. Accessed 4 November 2020.</p>"
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      "The terminology ‘outbreak’ is used if the disease occurs in a limited location or area, and ‘pandemic’ if it occurs in multiple regions and at world scale. Plant diseases are a major concern globally, given their potential economic impact on populations that rely on income from selling crops. The impact in places where there is increased food scarcity is of particular concern, as it exacerbates the insecurity and poverty felt by populations affected by these diseases. Viruses, viroids and mycoplasmas (MLOs) are among the main disease agents causing significant crop losses, depending on crops and local conditions. Mycoplasma lack cell wall(s) bounded by unit membrane(s) and have cytoplasm ribosomes and strands of nuclear material (Team Agri, 2017). Mycoplasmas are transmitted through insects that feed on plants, including plant hoppers and psyllids (Team Agri, 2017). Plant viruses are small microorganisms without cell walls, containing nucleic acids surrounded by protein coats and replicating only inside living cells (Gergerich and Dolja, 2006). Mycoplasmas are bacteria lacking cell walls and being categorised under the genus Mycoplasma. They are highly resistant to antibiotics and can be saprophytic or parasitic to plants (Britannica, 2019). Viroids are microorganisms that consist of a small circular RNA molecule, and are smaller than viruses and capable of causing certain plant diseases (Britannica, 2020). The occurrence of mycoplasma in plants is a particularly difficult hazard to address, since they are ‘the perfect parasite’ and adapt to their host in a way that serves all their nutritional needs (Cleanroom Technology, 2008). While mycoplasma generally do little harm, in the right circumstances they can provoke serious responses from their host causing illness and death in plants (Cleanroom Technology, 2008). Mycoplasmas – and associated wall-less prokaryotes – first came into the global scientific consciousness in the 1960s when Japanese workers noted an increasing prevalence of these organisms in the plants they were working with (Arora and Sinha, 1988). Since then, the association of mycoplasma and other plant virals/viroids with negative agricultural outcomes has shot up, with 100 diseases now being associated with these vectors (Arora and Sinha, 1988)."
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