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    "en": "Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Naturally occurring among wild bird populations, avian influenza viruses can infect domestic poultry and other bird species. Some avian influenza viruses can also infect mammals and those affecting humans are called zoonotic. A pandemic can occur when a novel zoonotic avian influenza virus spreads in human populations worldwide (FAO, 2009; WHO, 2018; OIE, 2020). <br /> <p>FAO, 2009. <a href=\"https://www.fao.org/3/i0808e/i0808e.pdf\">Preparing for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)</a>. Accessed 3 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Avian influenza is transmitted by direct contact with infected birds or through contaminated environments (farms, markets, cages, vehicles, etc.) (OIE, no date a). Live poultry and poultry products trade and movements play an important role in national and cross-border spread. Certain avian influenza strains have also been shown to spread through migratory wild bird movements, sometimes over long distances (FAO, 2016, 2017). Biosecurity measures on farms and in live poultry markets are important to prevent disease introduction or spread (FAO, 2015). Type A influenza viruses include many different subtypes, classified according to the nature of the two components that make up the virus – haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) – proteins found on the surface of influenza viruses. There are 18 haemagglutinin and 11 neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A virus, giving rise to hundreds of variations on the ‘HxNy’ combination. Avian influenza strains that do not cause significant disease signs in poultry are considered low pathogenic while those leading to severe disease (including severe respiratory syndrome, and nervous signs) and high mortality rates are called highly pathogenic (WHO, 2018). Since the emergence of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus subtype in 1997 in Asia, several other subtypes have appeared due to the constant evolution and diversification of avian influenza viruses and progressively spread across continents (OIE, 2016; CDC, 2017)."
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