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    "en": "Backcasting first looks ahead to define a desirable future end-state or vision, and then works backwards to identify the steps and solutions necessary to get there (European Commission, 2023).\n\nEuropean Commission. (2023). How to get started with the backcasting approach: Mutual Learning Exercise on Citizen Science Initiatives – Policy and Practice (1st ed.). Publications Office of the European Union. https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/rio/report/HOW%20TO_%20Get%20Started%20with%20Backcasting%20Formatted%20v4.pdf\n\nIrwin, T. (2018). The emerging transition design approach. Design Research Society 2018 Conference Proceedings, 73. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.210\n\nRobinson, J. (1982). Energy Backcasting: A Proposed Method of Policy Analysis. In Energy Policy, 10, 337-344."
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      "European Commission. (2023). How to get started with the backcasting approach: Mutual Learning Exercise on Citizen Science Initiatives – Policy and Practice (1st ed.). Publications Office of the European Union. https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/rio/report/HOW%20TO_%20Get%20Started%20with%20Backcasting%20Formatted%20v4.pdf\n\nIrwin, T. (2018). The emerging transition design approach. Design Research Society 2018 Conference Proceedings, 73. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.210\n\nRobinson, J. (1982). Energy Backcasting: A Proposed Method of Policy Analysis. In Energy Policy, 10, 337-344."
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      "Backcasting is often used as an approach to address long-term, complex societal issues that involve multiple stakeholder groups (Irwin, 2018).\n\nBackcasting differs from forecasting in approach. Forecasting extrapolates current trends (based in dominant paradigms out of which the problem arose) into the future, whereas backcasting attempts to define interesting futures, analyze their consequences, and determine the conditions necessary for these futures to materialize (Irwin, 2018).\n\nRobinson (1982) notes: \"The major distinguishing characteristic of backcasting analysis is a concern, not with what futures are likely to happen, but with how desirable futures can be attained. It is thus normative, involving working backwards from a particular desirable future end-point to the present, in order to determine the physical feasibility of that future and what policy measures would be required to reach that point\" (p. 337).\n\nTransition Design proposes backcasting as a collaborative activity in which stakeholder groups can leverage their visions of desirable futures to inform tangible, consensus-based action in the present (Irwin, 2018).",
      "Backcasting is often used as an approach to address long-term, complex societal issues that involve multiple stakeholder groups (Irwin, 2018).\n\nBackcasting differs from forecasting in approach. Forecasting extrapolates current trends (based in dominant paradigms out of which the problem arose) into the future, whereas backcasting attempts to define interesting futures, analyze their consequences, and determine the conditions necessary for these futures to materialize (Irwin, 2018).\n\nRobinson (1982) notes: \"The major distinguishing characteristic of backcasting analysis is a concern, not with what futures are likely to happen, but with how desirable futures can be attained. It is thus normative, involving working backwards from a particular desirable future end-point to the present, in order to determine the physical feasibility of that future and what policy measures would be required to reach that point\" (p. 337).\n\nTransition Design proposes backcasting as a collaborative activity in which stakeholder groups can leverage their visions of desirable futures to inform tangible, consensus-based action in the present (Irwin, 2018).\n\nIrwin, T. (2018). The emerging transition design approach. Design Research Society 2018 Conference Proceedings, 73. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2018.210\n\nRobinson, J. (1982). Energy Backcasting: A Proposed Method of Policy Analysis. In Energy Policy, 10, 337-344."
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