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    "en": "City networks (also municipal networks or transnational networks) are formal and informal collaborative platforms connecting municipal governments, civil society organizations, and other urban actors across jurisdictions to advance climate action and sustainable development. These transnational, national, and regional networks facilitate peer-to-peer learning, knowledge exchange, policy experimentation, and collective advocacy. Key functions include providing technical assistance, standardising reporting frameworks, mobilising finance, sharing best practices, building institutional capacity, and strengthening legitimacy for urban climate commitments. Global examples include ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), and Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM), with many city networks also operating at regional or national scale, enabling cities of all characteristics to access expertise and resources otherwise unavailable, while creating spaces for norm-setting and innovation diffusion. (Zeppel, 2013; Jordan and Huitema, 2014; Ndebele-Murisa et al., 2020; Kona et al., 2021; Sancino et al., 2022; Ziervogel et al., 2022, 2022; Ahn et al., 2023; Kavonic and Bulkeley, 2023; Kern et al., 2024; Leal and Paterson, 2024; Wieszczeczynska et al., 2024)."
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