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    "en": "Ground Fissuring"
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    "en": "Ground fissures form in response to tensional stresses, most commonly in unconsolidated sediment, but also in rock (Arizona Geological Survey, 2020). <br /> <p>Arizona Geological Survey, 2020. <a href=\"https://azgs.arizona.edu/center-natural-hazards/earth-fissures-subsidence-karst-arizona#:~:text=Earth%20Fissures%20are%20open%20ground,sinking%20of%20the%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20surface\">Earth Fissures and Ground Subsidence</a>. Accessed 20 October 2020.</p>"
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      "Natural or anthropogenic ground desiccation associated with subsidence can lead to ground fissuring. Ground fissures may also form as incipient indicators of coastal land sliding, ground spreading or cambering, for example, induced by mining or karst subsidence. Ayalew et al. (2004) suggested that ground fissures in the Ethiopian rift valley may be related to aseismic tectonic strain, piping and hydraulic compaction. Surface fissures are also associated with earthquakes. The size and spatial extent of surface rupture, fissures and uplift/subsidence depends on the type and context. In Arizona, fissures range from discontinuous hairline fractures to open ground cracks that exceed 3 km in length, are up to 7 m wide, and tens of metres deep. In this context, fissure depth is likely to reflect the depth to the groundwater (Arizona Geological Survey, 2020)."
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