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    "en": "Coral bleaching"
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    "en": "Corals are subject to ‘bleaching’ when the seawater temperature is too high: they lose the symbiotic algae that give coral its colour and part of its nutrients. Severe, prolonged or repeated bleaching can lead to the death of coral colonies (United Nations, 2017). <br /> <p>United Nations, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RPROC/WOACompilation.pdf\">The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I. Cambridge University Press</a>. Accessed 14 October 2020.</p>"
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      "source:IPCC Glossary AR6",
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      "Coral bleaching was a relatively unknown phenomenon until the early 1980s, when a series of local bleaching events occurred, principally in the eastern tropical Pacific and Wider Caribbean regions. Severe, prolonged or repeated bleaching can lead to the death of coral colonies. An increase of only 1°C to 2°C above the normal local seasonal maximum can induce bleaching. Although most coral species are susceptible to bleaching, their thermal tolerance varies. Many heat-stressed or bleached corals subsequently die from coral diseases (United Nations, 2017). Increasingly frequent severe coral bleaching is among the greatest threats to coral reefs posed by climate change. Global climate models project great spatial variation in the timing of annual severe bleaching conditions; a point at which reefs are certain to change and recovery will be limited (UNEP, 2017). Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to mortality (NOAA, no date a). In 2005, the USA lost half of its coral reefs in the Caribbean in one year due to a massive bleaching event. The warm waters centred around the northern Antilles near the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico and extended southward. Comparison of satellite data from the previous 20 years confirmed that thermal stress from the 2005 event was greater than the previous 20 years combined (NOAA, no date a). There is great spatial variation in the timing of annual severe bleaching conditions; a point at which reefs are certain to change and recovery will be limited. The onset of annual severe coral bleaching is defined as the annual exceedance of more than eight degree-heating weeks accumulating during any three-month period. With more than eight weeks with an extra degree of heat it is possible to have confidence that thermal stress will be enough for bleaching to occur (van Hooidonk et al., 2016)."
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