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    "en": "Listeriosis (Human)"
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    "en": "Listeriosis is a foodborne infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes which can be invasive (the more serious form of the disease) or non-invasive (the milder form of the disease). Listeriosis outbreaks occur in all countries and can be a significant public health concern (WHO, 2018). <br /> <p>WHO, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis\">Listeriosis. World Health Organization (WHO)</a>. Accessed 19 November 2019.</p>"
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      "There are two main types of listeriosis: a non-invasive form and an invasive form. Non-invasive listeriosis (febrile listerial gastroenteritis) is a mild form of the disease affecting mainly otherwise healthy people. Symptoms include diarrhoea, fever, headache and myalgia (muscle pain). Outbreaks have generally involved the ingestion of foods containing high doses of Listeria monocytogenes (WHO, 2018). Invasive listeriosis is a more severe form of the disease and affects certain high-risk groups of the population, including pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals (such as those with HIV/AIDS, leukaemia, cancer, kidney transplant and steroid therapy), elderly people and infants. This form of disease is characterised by fever, myalgia, septicaemia and meningitis, and other severe symptoms, including abortion in pregnant women. It is associated with a high mortality rate (20%–30%). The incubation period of listeriosis is usually one to two weeks but can vary from a few days up to 90 days (WHO, 2018). Unlike many other common foodborne diseases causing bacteria, L. monocytogenes can survive and multiply at the low temperatures usually found in refrigerators. In past outbreaks, foods involved have included ready-to-eat meat products, such as frankfurters, meat spread (paté), smoked salmon and fermented raw meat sausages, as well as dairy products (including soft cheeses, unpasteurised milk and ice cream) and prepared salads (including coleslaw and bean sprouts) as well as fresh vegetables and fruit. Eating contaminated food with high numbers of L. monocytogenes is the main route of infection (WHO, 2018). Infection can also be transmitted between humans, notably from pregnant women to unborn babies. Pregnant women are about 20 times more likely to contract listeriosis than other healthy adults. It can result in miscarriage or stillbirth. Newborn babies may also have low birth weight, septicaemia and meningitis. People with HIV/AIDS are at least 300 times more likely to get ill than those with a normally functioning immune system (WHO, 2018). Owing to the long incubation period, it is challenging to identify the food which was the actual source of the infection (WHO, 2018)."
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